Criminology Matrix
Demographic Information
Social Disorganization Theory
Get downing on the 20ThursdayCentury 1920-1930’s. Created by theoreticians Robert Park, Ernest Burgess, W.I. Thomas, Florian Znaniecki, Clifford Shaw, and Henry McKay. Social disorganisation shows societal alteration, struggle, and the deficiency of societal consensus as the root causes of offense and aberrance. Social disorganisation, Chicago school of criminology, Chicago Area Project, demographics, homocentric zones, delinquency countries, and cultural transmittal ( Schmalleger, 2008 ) .
Strain Theory
Began on the 20Thursdaycentury 1930’s to show. Created by Robert K. Merton, Steven F. Messner, Richard Rosenfeld, Peter Blau, Judith Blau, and Robert Agnew. The construct of strain theory is invention, ritualism, rebellion, differential chance, comparative want, and distributive justness. Strain theory agues that a socially sanctioned success of ends and a deficiency of appropriate ways to accomplish those ends. As a effect, harmonizing to the position of strain theory, persons who are unable to win frequently turn to other ways that promise societal acknowledgment and success ( Schmalleger, 2008 ) .
Culture Conflict
Culture struggle began on the 1920’s to show. Created by theoreticians Thorsten Sellin, Frederic M. Thrasher, William F. Whyte, Walter Miller, Gresham Sykes, David Matza, Franco Ferracuti, Marvin Wolfgang, Richard A. Cloward, Lloyd E. Ohlin, and Albert Cohen. The construct of civilization struggle is subcultures, socialisation, delinquency and, illegal chances ( Schmalleger, 2008 ) .
Learning Theory
Learning theory began in 1930’s and to the present. Created by Edwin Sutherland, Robert Burgess, Ronald L. Akers, and Daniel Glaser. Actions are learned, and offense is like another action that is besides learned. Peoples tend to larn how to perpetrate offense from others, and such acquisition comes from the accomplishments of norms, values, and forms of behaviours that are conductive to offense. The point of view of the theory’s construct is that communicating and societal accomplishment of erudite condemnable behaviour that values that behaviour is damaging ( Schmalleger, 2008 ) .
Social Control Theory
Social control theory began on the 1950’s to show. Created by Walter C. Reckless, Howard B. Kaplan, Travis Hirschi, Michael Gottfredson, Charles R. Tittle, and others. The construct of societal control theory is the inner and outer coup d’etat, of self-derogation, societal bond, and control balanced. Social control theory predicts that when a societal limitation or antisocial behaviour are weakened delinquent behaviour begins. This theory inquiries jurisprudence staying citizens instead than felons ( Schmalleger, 2008 ) .
Labeling Theory
Labeling theory began on 1938-1970, 1960’s-1980, 1990’s to revival. Created by Frank Tannenbaum, Edwin M. Lemert, Howard Becker, John Braithwaite, and others. The construct of labeling theory begins with tagging, labeling, foreigners, moral enterprise, primary and secondary aberrance, and dishonoring. Labeling theory is the construct that negative labels within a society lead persons to perpetrate offense ( Schmalleger, 2008 ) .
Rational Choice Theory
Rational pick theory began in the late 18Thursdaycentury. Created by Cesare Beccaria. The construct of rational pick theory is that felons make a rational, and informed pick to perpetrate a offense. This makes felons doing the determination, based on, if the offense is worth perpetrating based on the benefits that outweigh the cost or penalty.
The XYY “Supermale”
The XYY theory began in 1965. Created by Patricia A. Jacobs. Patricia Jacobs examined 197 Scots captives for chromosomal abnormalcies with a simple blood trial. The supermale, besides known as XYY syndrome has small grounds that work forces with this syndrome commit offenses of greater force than other adult male. However, they may perpetrate more offenses ( Schmalleger, 2008 ) .
Behavior Geneticss
Behavior genetic sciences theory began in 1907. Created by Sir Francis Galton. Sir Francis survey heredity and the possible influences on human behaviour. Harmonizing to the theory it is easy to demo that some felons inherit condemnable nature. Behavioral genetic sciences is “the survey of cistrons and the environmental parts to single divergence in human behavior” Galton might hold believe that heredity was related to condemnable behaviour nevertheless, he had no chance to research the relationship in reconditeness ( Schmalleger, 2008 ) .
Sociobiology
Sociobiology began in 1975. Created by Edward O. Wilson. It is the survey of biological science and its impact on societal behaviour taking some of its research from development and using it to modern population ( Schmalleger, 2008 ) . Certain signifiers of behavior contribute to the endurance of a societal group. Human behaviour was the nexus of endurance from one coevals to another 1. Territoriality explains the struggle between worlds, this includes homicide, warfare, and other types of aggression.
Pherenology
Pherenology began in early 19Thursdaycentury. Created by Franz Joseph Gall ( 1758-1828 ) . This theory explained that the form of the human skull was an declarative mood of the personality and could be used to foretell criminalism. The theory has four dogmas the encephalon, personality, character, and skull form ( Schmalleger, 2008 ) .
Early Positivism
Early positivism began in 1880’s – 1930. Created by Franz Joseph Gall, Johann Gaspar Spurzheim, Cesare Lombroso, Charkes Buckman Goring, and Earnest A. Hooton. The construct of early positivism is the phrenology, reversion, born felons, and criminaloids. Criminalism was the consequence of inherent aptitudes that worlds used to last the evolutionary procedure. Lombroso has been called the male parent of criminology because he was the first criminologist to use the scientific method.
Empirical Foundation
Social Disorganization Theory
Four distinguishable decisions resulted from Shaw and McKay’s research. The juveniles’ rates were consistent with an order 3-dimensional form. There was an indistinguishable 3-dimensional form revealed by several societal jobs. The 3-dimensional form of juvenile rates showed long-run stableness even though the construction in the metropolis countries had changed. The metropolis countries were going more delinquent this occurred through a web or interpersonal relation with household, packs, and neighbours ( Shaw, 1969 ) .
Strain Theory
Merton said that all people have high economic aspirations and that societal categories are linked to offense. Merton said that when persons had high ends with income and instruction coupled with low opportunities of accomplishing the ends is strain theory ( Liska, 1971 ) . Studies with educational ends as measurings were flimsy and suggested that income was a better constituent to utilize. Different surveies used ends over outlook and reported any condemnable connexion which found barely any support for Merton’s theory ( Epps, 1967 ) .
Culture Conflict
Thorsten Sellin observed that in a society were two civilizations necessarily clash and it occurs because of the development of a combined civilization. One of the results of civilization struggle is condemnable behaviour. This leads to the creative activity of felons specifying the environing mundane behaviour of the person. Sellin indicated that a diversified and more miscellaneous society the bigger it gets and the more conflict occurs making an addition in aberrance ( Claasical Criminology, 2002 ) .
Learning Theory
Sutherland’s Learning Theory was based on observation. The surveies concluded that condemnable behaviour is learned. Not merely it is learned but condemnable behaviour is learned within confidant groups. It besides shows that differential associations vary in frequence, continuance precedence, and strength ( Boundless, 2014 ) .
Social Control Theory
Walter C. Reckless, observes that societal force per unit area to follow community ideals, normally imposed by societal isolation, was sufficient to command behavior. As society becomes complex, authorization played a important function in make up one’s minding whether people followed public Torahs. The research has found that economic category has little to make with foretelling delinquent behaviour, and that immature people who do non link or hold attachment to parents or school are more likely to go juveniles ( Criminology, n.d. ) .
Labeling Theory
In 2003, Jon Gunnar Bernburg and Marvin D. Krohn studied the impact of negative official intercession on immature work forces in Rochester, New York. Data available was on work forces from the clip they were 13.5 old ages old until they were 22. In maintaining with what labeling theory would foretell, Bemburg and Krohn found that intercession during adolescence led to increased delinquency in early maturity because it reduced opportunities for accomplishment and successful employment. Negative labels come with rough liabilities, every bit good as the effect that the individual starts to believe the label that has been given to him. ( Schmalleger, 2008 ) .
Rational Choice Theory
The research affecting rational pick can non be measured with regular offense statistics. It can merely be applied through single research because the theory is excessively specific to persons ( Schmalleger, 2008 ) .
Xyy Theory
Britished research worker examined 197 Scots captives for divergences from regular chromosomes through a simple blood trial known as “karyotyping” 12 members displayed a divergence of chromosomes that were unusual, and seven were found to hold an XYY chromosome ( Schmalleger, 2008 ) .
Behavior Geneticss
Twin research workers assumed that persons choose spouses that have an opponent personality. Equal environments, twin research besides assumed that twins raised in similar environment portion similar experiences. Familial traits can be inherited through different familial mechanisms affecting a cistron inherited from one parent and different cistron from the other parents ( Winerman, 2004 ) .
Sociobiology
Edward O. Wilson research sociobiology by analyzing the familial and how through affected human behaviour and applied them through criminology theory. Research on what genetic sciences are passed on and how they affect human behaviour.
Theoretical Components
Social Disorganization
Social disorganisation theory comes from Chicago school of sociology. Social Disorganization is caused when a community does non work out the jobs of its people which consequences in the dislocation of establishments within that community ( Short, 1976 ) . The theory states that delinquent behaviour was non a consequence of the person but it was a normal response of people accommodating to less than favourable societal conditions ( Short, 1976 ) .
Strain Theory
Merton came up with a sociological theory that explained how aberrant behaviour illustrated the struggles between culturally defined ends and the official manner of acquiring them ( Boundless, 2015 ) .
Culture Conflict
Suggest that human behaviour is societal, that consequences from struggles between viing groups. Conflict theory originated with work of Karl Marx. Marx understood that human society in footings of struggle between societal categories, markedly the struggle in capitalist societies between those who owed the agencies of economic production and those who didn’t. ( Chegg, 2015 ) . This is a sociological theory.
Learning Theory
Social larning theory, looks at the single acquisition procedure, the formation of ego and the influence of society in socialising. Learning theory is the formation of one’s individuality to go antiphonal to a learned response to societal stimulation. People engage in offense because of the association with others that besides engage in offense. Condemnable behaviour is learned beliefs that are favourable to offense ( Crossman, 2015 ) . This is a sociological theory.
Control Theory
Control theorists by and large argue that there are no jobs to explicate why people who commit offense because all human existences suffer from human failings which makes it impossible to defy enticement. This is a sociological theory.
Labeling Theory
When person has been labelled as a felon or pervert, the label attached becomes the person. Each label carries biass and images and this leads to others construing the behaviour of the labelled individual in a peculiar manner. While the behaviour would be seen as stereotyped to some, others would reason that it is a self-fulfilling prognostication ensuing from being labelled ( History Learning, 2000-2015 ) . This is a sociological Theory.
Rational Choice
This theory sees adult male as a logical thinking histrion that weights means and ends, costs and benefits, and makes a rational picks. Including the pick to prosecute in condemnable activity, condemnable activity is based on determined determinations that the possible benefits outweighs the hazards taken by the person. This is a psychological theory.
Xyy “supermale”
Xyy males are more likely to prosecute in condemnable behaviour but non violent behaviour. XYY work forces were convicted of offenses are more likely to be guilty of belongings discourtesies and less likely than convicted XY work forces. Xyy males were born felons, Xyy males harmonizing to the theory were more likely to perpetrate violent offenses. This is a biological Theory
Behavior Geneticss
Behavior genetic sciences is the field in which a difference among persons is separated into familial against environmental. Environmental influences can be divided into two categories, shared and nonshared environments. Shared is the environment that is common by siblings such as socioeconomic statues and parental instruction, and nonshare is the environment that is alone to a person/individual. ( SAPA, 1998 ) .
Early positivism.
Early Positivism is a societal and psychological theory that commits to practical application. It claims that finding condemnable behaviour and its cause comes from the physical, familial, and psychological make-up that makes people predisposed to act reprehensively ( Marshall, 2015 ) .
Mentions
Boundless. ( 2014, November 14 ) .Differential Association. Retrieved from Boundless Sociology: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/deviance-social-control-and-crime-7/the-symbolic-interactionalist-perspective-on-deviance-64/differential-association-theory-381-8939
Boundless. ( 2015 ) .Strain Theory. Retrieved from Boundless: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/deviance-social-control-and-crime-7/the-functionalist-perspective-on-deviance-62/strain-theory-how-social-values-produce-deviance-375-6183/
Chegg. ( 2015 ) .Denition of Conflict. Retrieved from Chegg: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chegg.com/homework-help/definitions/conflict-theory-49
Claasical Criminology. ( 2002, Novemeber 18 ) .Thorsten Sellin. Retrieved from Culture Conflict Theory: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.people.okanagan.bc.ca/wvdveen/WILMA WEBPAGE/classical_crim_theory/sellin.htm
Criminology. ( n.d. ) .Control Theory. Retrieved from Sociology Criminology: hypertext transfer protocol: //sociologycriminology.wordpress.com/control-theory/
Crossman, A. ( 2015 ) .Learning Theory. Retrieved from About instruction: hypertext transfer protocol: //sociology.about.com/od/Sociological-Theory/a/Social-Learning-Theory.htm
History Learning. ( 2000-2015 ) .Labeling Theory. Retrieved from history Learning Site: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.historylearningsite.co.uk/labelling_theory.htm
Liska, A. ( 1971 ) . Aspirations and Expectations.Sociological Quarterly, 12: 99-107.
Marshall, G. ( 2015, April 28 ) .Criminology, Positivist. Retrieved from A Dictionary of Sociology: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O88-criminologypositivist.html
SAPA. ( 1998, May ) .Bahvior Geneticss. Retrieved from Personality Research: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.personalityresearch.org/bg.html
Schmalleger. ( 2008 ) .Criminology Today Fifth Edition.Columbus, Ohio: Frank Schmalleger.
Short, J. F. ( 1976 ) .Delinquency, Crime, and Soceity. Chicago: .University of Chicago Press.
Winerman, L. ( 2004, April ) .A 2nd Look at Twin Studies. Retrieved from American Psychological Association: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.apa.org/monitor/apr04/second.aspx
