Assignment is for better apprehension of the topic Designing rules and Application in pattern in our Higher National Diploma in Civil Engineering. To make this assignment I have referred assorted books and went through web sites to roll up information. And besides includes selected edifice ( Kandy City Center ) where I have gone to collected information and examined the application of sustainable characteristics in the selected edifice Kandy City Center.
First portion of the assignment is traveling to speak about the sustainable edifice attacks and coatings which will include Floor, Wall, Roof and Ceiling System and Finishes of the Building. It besides will include Means of Natural and Artificial Lightening, Shading and Natural or Mechanical Ventilation. Furthermore, assignment will discourse about waste direction, rain H2O harvest home and jump energy coevals system.
Sustainable Materials, Systems and service
Floor and wall
Flooring is a fabricating supportive specializing in sustainable and environmentally friendly flooring. Produced from environmentally sustainable stuffs, this will heighten ;
Indoor air quality,
Better the comfort,
Atmosphere of the edifice environments to which they are added.
Chiefly we can be grouped shocking into four categories.
.
Timber shocking – It is really attractive coating ( Strip Flooring, Wood Block flooring, Parquet flooring )
Wood Mosaic Flooring
Sheet shocking – It is hygienic coating ( Linoleum Flooring, Rubber Flooring, Sheet Vinyl Flooring )
Tile shocking – Most economical ( Quarry Tiles, Vitrified or semi-vitrified, Ceramics )
Joint less floors – It is most hygienic
Floor Tiles
Ceramic tiles can be glazed or unglazed. Glazed tiles are available field or decorated and can be used on walls and floors.
Indoor ceramic tile
Outdoor ceramic tile
Indoor ceramic tile
Glazed and glassless ceramic and rock tile are the most durable floor coverings. The negative facet these tiles are cold to bare pess but in the warm clime these tiles are one of the best tiles as it is cold. Other petty criticisms are that anything delicate dropped on them is likely to interrupt, and besides we can state it ‘s non hardy and that some tiles are slippery when they ‘re wet.
Besides there are immense assortment of colorss and surface textures of these tiles. They are thicker and less calendered than tiles used for walls and counters. The glaze is H2O repellent and can be treated so that it has a nonskid surface. Glazed tiles can hold calendered, satin, matte, and dull coatings and can be anyplace from a pes square in size to tiny Mosaic pieces.
Unglazed ceramic tiles come in the coloring material of the clay or can be colored with the add-on of pigment before the clay is fired. Rock tiles are quarried slate, limestone, flagstone, marble, or granite. Unglazed and stone tiles can be installed unfinished or can be sealed so that they have increased wet and discoloration opposition. All tiles are jointed with grout.
Tile and rock floors are installed utilizing a twosome of different methods, as shown below. They may be set straight in howitzer over a concrete slab or plyboard subfloor, or they may be applied to a concrete angel board and/or subfloor, utilizing a thin-set adhesive. The first method is the sturdiest, and the most expensive.
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Quarry tiles are a traditional merchandise made in the UK for 100s of twelvemonth. They are made from natural clay, squeezed through an extruding machine, and so fired. They are largely available in terracotta, black and white colorss.
Terracotta tiles are besides made from local clays. Terracotta means “ cooked Earth ” and these merchandises tend to be really absorptive, so need sealing when used on the floor.
Porcelain tiles are ceramic tiles, but with a really low absorbency. They are normally made from china clay clays, felspar, silicon oxide and coloring oxides and are fired at approximately 1200oC. Porcelain tiles are difficult erosion and can be used on walls or floors.
Mosaics are really little tiles, normally less than 35cm2. Mosaics can be glazed or unglazed and made from porcelain, ceramic, glass or natural rock.
Natural rock merchandises ; limestone, marble, granite and slate are quarried from the Earth. Some are highly difficult, and some rather soft. Some may necessitate sealing.
Limestone
Limestone tiles are rather attractive and likely the best manner to adorn a room. This beautiful rock provides clean and smooth coating, and in add-on to that, there is a scope of natural colourss, which helps to impel their popularity amongst people.
Limestone is known for being soluble with many acids and even H2O. However, despite of that it is used in shocking. In add-on, the ground for that is the lastingness of this tight rock. Besides being sourced for the aesthetic visual aspect, it is besides sourced for its alone strength and versatility.
These limestone tiles are rather expensive, atleast for some of us. Buying these rocks will be a dearly-won thing, but their length of service ensures that
Limestone is known for being soluble with many acids and even H2O. However, despite of that it is used in shocking. In add-on, the ground for that is the lastingness of this tight rock. Besides being sourced for the aesthetic visual aspect, it is besides sourced for its alone strength and versatility.
These limestone tiles are rather expensive, atleast for some of us. Buying these rocks will be a dearly-won thing, but their length of service ensures that
the investing will be repaid in manifold. The lastingness and the beauty enhanced by these brilliant tiles will do your investings worthy plenty.
The best portion is the assortment of colourss available with the limestones. Availability of so many tones makes it hard to take the right one for your room. Surprisingly, the scope of tones available with this tone ca n’t be found in any other stuff. Some of the popular sunglassess offered by limestone tiles are – ecrus, greies, bolder pinks and bluish chromaticities. These natural colourss are capable plenty to heighten the beauty of any room. Choosing the most suited shadiness for your room ‘s ornament is your duty.
One thing that 1 has to maintain in head is that the thickness and strength of these tiles does vary. Furthermore, the same applies to the stamina, some of them are rather delicate and some are really strong. Therefore, before put ining them in any country, you should see the frequence of use of that topographic point. For illustration, if it is a hotel anteroom, so you will necessitate to happen a rock that is able to cover with such heavy & amp ; changeless traffic.
In the same mode, you have to see the right sort of rock for moisture suites, such as bathrooms, showers or pools. In such topographic points, it is ever better to demo some concern about the single rock type. As we all know, limestone tiles are known for their singular resilient nature, and they are normally ideal for moist environment.
Marble
Lastingness
Marble is a lasting stuff widely used for graphics and architecture. With a dramatic ocular attraction that even the most discriminating gustatory sensations find appealingA
Nothing is rather every bit impressive or speaks edification and luxury every bit articulately as granite flooring or a marble counter top. Natural marble and granite non merely transforms about any ordinary interior decor into instant elegance. Both can add well to the existent estate market value of a place. Increasing its potency for a quicker sale, at a higher monetary value.
Granite
Granite is lasting, functional, and everlastingly beautiful.
Slate
Slate can be arranged in a running form of big square tiles or the form may change with several different sizes of tiles for more consequence.
Wall stuffs
Concrete
Concrete is a mixture of sand, harsh sum, Portland cement, and H2O. The sand used in concrete should be blank-run sand, which is reasonably round in form and of assorted sizes. The harsh sum is gravel or crushed rock. Concrete should hold sum pieces no larger than one-quarter the thickness of the pour. For illustration, if the pour is less than 4 inches thick, the sum should be less than 1 inch in size. Portland cement is made of clay, calcium hydroxide, and other ingredients that have been heated in a kiln and land into a all right pulverization
Brick
Manufactured by firing molded clay or shale, bricks vary widely in colour, texture, and dimensions. Despite these fluctuations, they fall into four chief classs: common or edifice, terrace, fire, and facing.
Bricks are modular, intending that they are either one-half or one-third as broad as they are long. The most common nominal modular unit size is 4 inches. Like timber, bricks are described harmonizing to nominal instead than existent sizes. For case, the existent size of a 4×8 brick is 3 5/8×7-5/8 inches. The nominal size is the existent size plus a normal howitzer articulation of 3/8 to 1/2 inch on the underside and at one terminal.
For out-of-door undertakings that must defy wet and freeze-thaw rhythms, ask for SW ( severe-weathering-grade ) bricks. For indoor utilizations, such as confronting a hearth or a plantation owner, you can utilize MW ( moderate weathering ) or NW ( no weathering ) . See Working With Mortar, Related Projects for bricklaying techniques.
Rock
Constructing rock is divided into three basic types: debris, flagstone, and ashlar.
Rubble is composed of unit of ammunition stones of assorted sizes. Flagstone consists of level pieces, 2 to 4 inches thick, of irregular forms. Ashlar, or dimensioned rock, is cut into pieces of unvarying thickness for puting in coursed or noncoursed forms.
Quarried rock is cut from a versant or a cavity ; fieldstone is stone that has been found lying in Fieldss or along rivers.
Mortar ingredients
Essential to all brick and block building, howitzer is a paste made of H2O, cement, calcium hydroxide, and sand. Lime slows the puting velocity, doing the howitzer easier to work. Mortar by itself is non every bit strong as concrete, but it has strong adhesive belongingss. In combination with rock, brick, or block, it creates extra-strong walls. In add-on, howitzer serves as an attractive spacer between stuffs and helps conceal their imperfectnesss. It besides has a cosmetic map. Joints can be tooled to assorted coatings ( see Choosing a Mortar Joint, Related Projects ) . Mortar besides can be pigmented.
Masonry veneers
Lightweight veneers are made of brick, natural or unreal rock, and terra-cotta ( glassless, discharged clay ) . Except in really dry climes, their usage should be restricted to interior undertakings, such as covering concrete or masonry walls or as a cosmetic coating over wallboard or plaster walls ( see Installing Lightweight Brick Veneer and Installing Stone Veneer ) .
Concrete blocks and bricks
Concrete blocks and bricks are cast from a stiff concrete mix and are heavy. ( “ Cinder ” blocks, made of light-weight clay or pumice, are non as strong. ) Hollow cores in the block aid conserve stuff, make the blocks easier to grip and topographic point, add insularity value, and supply channels for public-service corporations. Use N-grade blocks for topographic points where a wall will be exposed to stop deading ; S-grade blocks where it will be shielded from the conditions.
A typical stretcher concrete block — the most normally used block — has a nominal size of 8x8x16 inches and weighs about 45 lbs. Corner blocks have finished borders. A package of blocks normally has a mixture of stretchers and corners. Use caps to complete off open tops of block walls. Mortarless blocks are laid on top of each other without mortar articulations. Once the wall is stacked in topographic point, you reinforce it and grout it.
Partitioning
Merchandise Name: Calcium Silicate Wall/Ceiling Board
Merchandise Description:
1 ) Features: waterproof, fireproof, noise insularity, stable public presentation, eco-friendly, etc.
2 ) Main stuff: cement, quartz pulverization, isinglass, calcium hydroxide, paper mush, glass fibre, etc.
3 ) Main Dimension: 1220*2440/1200*2400mm ( dry wall ) ; 595*595/603*603mm ( ceiling )
4 ) Common Thickness: 5mm, 6mm, 8mm, 10mm, 12mm, etc.
5 ) Density: 1400-1600 kg/m3
6 ) Edge Profile: square or beveled
7 ) Packing material: in bulk/carton
8 ) Applications: It ‘s widely used in the divider wall and outer wall system of office edifice, school, infirmary, hotel, eating house, station, etc.
Eco Friendly brick
The standard ECO BRICK measures betweenA 220 and 240 millimeters long X 220mm broad X 115 millimeter deep, and has beveled / champhered borders. BRICK length is controlled by dirt and wet content. 37-38 Bricks of 230 millimeters length are required per sq. m of 9 ” walling and 165 – 170 Bricks may be required per cu.m of 9 ” walling.
Degree centigrades: UsersUserDownloadsecobrick_220mm.jpgWhen constructing with Eco Brick, We efficaciously can cut down these costs. Its alone engagement and beveled-edged characteristics leave no demand for extra daubing. This will significantly convey down the cost of labour, cement, sand and calcium hydroxide. Even in the rare applications that need stick oning. Besides this is accepted by worldwide as it is Insect cogent evidence, Earthquake Resistant, Fire Proof, Less Water Absorbent, Temperature Control, Cost Effective, and comfy.
When we compare soil bricks were five times cheaper so concrete blocks, as one consider the monetary value of fabrication of concrete block. The monetary value of one metre square of dirt blocks was about three times cheaper. The ground is because with a block imperativeness machine these blocks can be manufactured and dried on site.
Roof and Ceiling
Roofing Materials
Manufacturing procedures of the assorted roof cladding stuffs include
Clay tiles are manufactured from kaolinite clay with assorted additives. The minerals are vitrified to adhere the tiles at a high fire temperature in surplus of 1100A°C, the higher the temperature the longer the life of the tile. The high temperatures involved lead to a high corporal energy, see the tabular array below. The proportions of 1: 4 Portland cement and sum is for concrete tiles and besides Mixing and chemical bring arounding take topographic point in temperature controlled conditions.
Natural slate was formed within the Earth ‘s crust many 1000000s of old ages ago when mudstones were subjected to colossal heat and force per unit area, doing partial recrystalisation of the minerals during a procedure known as metabolism. These stones are split along natural mistakes to bring forth the roofing slates. Steel is produced from mined Fe ore, coke and limestone melted together in a high temperature furnace. The coke turns to carbon monoxide cut downing the Fe oxide to press. Approximately 25 % scrap stuff is used in the concluding steel doing procedure.
Aluminum is extracted from its bauxite ore by a extremely energy intensive procedure, but outside the UK this procedure is frequently powered by hydroelectricity. Within the UK a big proportion of aluminium is from recycled feedstock, which gives the merchandise a much lower embodied energy ( see tabular array ) .
Bitumens is the residuary stuff produced after remotion of all the volatile merchandises from rough oil, such as gasoline and Diesel. Asphalt is manufactured from bitumen blended with limestone pulverization and all right limestone sum. Another beginning is lake asphalt, a of course happening stuff chiefly imported from Trinidad. Asphalt tiles make up 75 % of the US roofing market, but unluckily these merchandises have low lastingness.
Timber herpes zosters are riven or sawn from suited lumber such as oak or western ruddy cedar.
In the tabular array below, the figures in the first two columns refer to a square meter of roof cladding stuff, therefore doing it easy to compare assorted stuffs.
Environmental Criteria for Selection of Roofing Materialshttp: //www.greenbuildingpress.co.uk/archive/graphics/sustainable_roofing.gif
Interlocking Slate Tiles
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A
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Tile Name
Size
Min. Pitch
Max. Pitch
Min. Headlap
Stonewold
430 x 380
17.5A°
44A°
75
RedlandA A A A A A A A A A A A A Richmond
412 x 332
22.5A°
44A°
Min.112 Max.159
RedlandA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Cambrian
300 x 336
25A°
69A°
Min.50 Max.90 Min. at ridge 75
Caplestone
365 ten breadths of 80
30A°
A
95 or 75 over sidelock
Concrete Plain Tiles
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A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Tile Name
Size
Min. Pitch
Max. Pitch
Min. Headlap
Plain
268 x 165
35A°
Vertical
65
Ornamental
268 x 165
70A°
Vertical
35
Download
268 x 165
35A°
Vertical
65
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Clay Plain Tiles
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Tile Name
Size
Min. Pitch
Max. Pitch
Min. Headlap
Rosemary
265 x 165
40A°
Vertical
65
Cheslyn
265 x 165
40A°
Vertical
65
A
A
A
A
A
Sandtoft
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Concrete Tiles
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A
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A
A
A
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Tile Name
Size
Min. Pitch
Max. Pitch
Min. Headlap
Max. Gauge
Double Pantile
420 x 334
22.5A°
A
75
345
Calderdale Slate
420 x 334
22.5A°
A
75
345
Shire Pantile
380 x 230
22.5A°
A
75
305
Double Roman
420 x 334
22.5A°
A
75
345
Bold Roll
420 x 334
22.5A°
A
75
345
Lindum
420 x 334
22.5A°
A
75
3455
Standard Pattern
380 x 230
17.5A°
A
75
305
Plain Tile
265 x 165
35A°
A
65
100
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Clay Tiles
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A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Tile Name
Size
Min. Pitch
Max. Pitch
Min. Headlap
Max. Gauge
County Panttile
347 x 267
22.5 A°
A
64
320
Neo Pantile
284 x 250
22.5A°
A
75
A
20/20 InterlockingA A A A A A A A A A A A A A Plain Tile
370 x 223
22.5 A°
A
75
267
Villiage
265 x 165
35A°
A
65
A
Goxhill Plain Tile
265 x 165
40 A°
A
65
100
Arcadia Pantile
342 x 252
30 A°
A
72
270
Old English Pantile
342 x 252
30 A°
A
72
270
Greenwood Pantile
342 x 253
30 A°
A
75
267
Sandtoft BridgewaterA A A A A A A A A
420 x 340
30 A°
A
75
345
Celtic
342 x 255
30 A°
A
75
267
A
Slate Tiles
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A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Tile Name
Size
Min. Pitch
Max. Pitch
Min. Headlap
Max. Gauge
Balmoral
370 x 226
22.5A°
A
75
267
Britlock
360 x 340
17.5 A°at 120 headlap
A
75 @ 22.5A°
285
Britslate – duchess
610 x 305
20 A°
A
75
267 at 75 headlap
Briteslate – Countess
510 x 225
22.5 A°
A
120
217 at 75 headlap
Pennine – Standard
480 x 429
22.5 A° at 90 headlap
A
120
202 at 75 headlap
Rivius
400 x 320
22.5
A
75
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Marley
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Plain Tiles
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Tile Name
Size
Min. Pitch
Max. Pitch
Min. Headlap
Max. Gauge
Plain Tiles
267 x 187
35 A°
Vertical
Roof 65 Vertical 37.5
Roof 100 Vertical 115
Heritage Plain Tile
267 x 187
35 A°
Vertical
Roof 65 Vertical 37.5
Roof 100 Vertical 115
Thaxden Plain Tile
270 x 168
35 A°
Vertical
Roof 70 Vertical 40
Roof 100 Vertical 115
Marlden Plain Tile
267 x 168
35 A°
Vertical
Roof 65 Vertical 27.5
Roof 100 Vertical 115
Ashmore Double Tile
333 x 267
22.5 A°
Vertical
77
190
A
Forticrete ( Anchor )
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Tile Name
Size
Min. Pitch
Max. Pitch
Min. Headlap
Centurion
230 x 385
10 A° – 12.5 A°
44 O
100
Clay Plain
265 x 165
35 A°
90 A°
65
Gemini
270 x 337
22.5 A° – 30 A°
29 A° – 70 A°
80 – 95, 75 – 95
Minislate
270 x 337
22.5 A° – 30 A°
29 A° – 70 A°
80 – 95, 75 – 95
Rivenslate
270 x 330
22.5 A°
70 A°
80 – 95
Roofing Sheets
Metal Corrugated Roofing
Roofing lumber
A roof of which the constructional parts, together with the bottom of the covering, or its liner, are treated ornamentally, and left to organize the ceiling of an flat below, as in a church, a public hall, and etc.
Ceiling
Mineral Fiber Acoustic Board
Size: 595*595mm, 603*603mm, 595*1195mm, 603*1210mm.
Thickness: 7mm, 9mm, 12mm, 14mm, 15mm etc.
Edges: Square/Regular
Key Attributes
*High humidness opposition belongingss
* Excellent visible radiation coefficient of reflection and lastingness
* Good sound soaking up
* Multi thickness picks from 12 millimeters to 20 millimeters
* Suitable for a broad assortment of commercial applications
Typical Applications
* Offices and conference suites
* Anterooms
* Public topographic points
* Corridors
* Department shops
* Specialty stores
* Auditoriums
* Restaurants
Ceiling stuffs
Monetary value: – Rs.350.00 – 700.00
Material: MDF with Cola, teak, mahogany, pine, black wood
Use: ceiling for office place
Supplier: shifa endeavors, Srilanka.
UPVC Ceiling Panel
Model: 100/200mm/250mm Width Ceiling
Size: Thickness: 8mm, 9mm, and 10mm
Width: 100mm, 200mm, 250mm
Length: as per clients ‘ demand
Color: A Nature colour, Printing, Lamination, and Heat Transfer Printing.
Item
Material
Unit of measurements
Monetary values
( SL rupees )
Plane tile ( dual Roman tile )
Two tone tile ( dual Roman tile )
Design tile ( dual Roman tile )
Slate tile ( level tile )
Semi grooved tile ( level tile )
S- type tile
Ridge tile ( accoutrements )
Starts ( accoutrements )
Barge tile ( accoutrements )
4 manner vertex
3 manner vertex
End tile
Low weight coloring material roofing tile
1
105.00
105.00
90.00
120.00
115.00
90.00
125.00
125.00
150.00
150.00
125.00
125.00
Rv037 — — — 12 ” x12 ”
Pv531 — — — -20 ” x20 ”
Pv438 — — — -16 ” x16 ”
Pv440 — — — -16 ” x16 ”
P910 — — — — 12 ” x12 ”
Rv182 — — — -12 ” x12 ”
Floor tile ( Lanka wall tile most celebrated merchandises )
1
120.00
520.00
236.00
249.50
112.00
117.00
Item
Material
Unit of measurements
Monetary values
( SL rupees )
Dgo1 — — — — — 08 ” x12 ”
Dgobo9 — — — 08 ” x12 ”
Dg06309 — — -08 ” x12 ”
Dg71307d — -08 ” x12 ”
2ct5000b — — 08 ” x08 ”
Vh67117 — — 08 ” x08 ”
4ct5000d — — 08 ” x08 ”
Tc5000c — — -08 ” x08 ”
Vm0124c — — 08 ” x08 ”
Gcc005 — — — 08 ” x08 ”
Bathroom tile ( Lanka wall tile most celebrated merchandises )
Wall tile ( Lanka wall tile most celebrated merchandises )
1
89.50
82.50
79.50
85.00
55.00
63.00
57.00
57.00
63.00
90.00
( green, pink, tusk, white, bluish, ruddy,
yellow, grey )
Grout
1
140.00
25K Bag
Tile howitzer ( New Material )
1
450.00
4 ” x4 ”
Malayan ace plush sheet
( New Material )
1
470.00
Coatings
Interior finish consists chiefly of the coverings of the unsmooth walls, ceilings, and floors, and put ining doors and Windowss with spare and hardware.
Interior finishes come as one of the last phases of building. Decisions about these stuffs are of import for their possible consequence on the wellness of the people who will in the house, every bit good as how much money they ‘ll pass to keep it.
Painting
To execute skilled picture, dry wall, and other building care and fix work throughout metropolis installations, edifices and related constructions ; and to execute related work every bit assigned.
Meanss of Natural/Artificial lighting, Shading and Natural/Mechanical Ventilation
Natural lighting and shading
Natural visible radiation can be used in many topographic points, including schools and offices. It besides is being incorporated into fabrication workss in order to cut down costs. Solar panels make usage of natural visible radiation on the roofs of places, every bit good. The lone job with utilizing natural visible radiation in these locations is that non every country in the universe receives the same sum of sunshine throughout the twenty-four hours.
Definition
Natural visible radiation occurs as a by-product of natural chemical procedures. This is because when negatrons get excited plenty to leap an energy degree and so return to their original energy degree, the excess energy is released as photons, which are light. Light originates from stars like the Sun, so solar visible radiation is the signifier of natural visible radiation with which people are most familiar and usage most. It besides can happen as a consequence of chemical procedures on or in the Earth.
Benefits
Natural visible radiation has several benefits when compared to unreal visible radiation. The production of unreal visible radiation requires the ingestion of some sort of fuel, such as coal or crude oil, to bring forth electricity. The ingestion of these fuels produces emanations and other waste merchandises. In contrast, no fuel is needed to bring forth natural visible radiation, since the visible radiation is a by-product of natural reactions. Besides, natural visible radiation — because it does n’t necessitate fuel — is free. Resources for unreal light production are limited when compared to the chemical reactions that produce natural visible radiation.
Efficiency
Natural visible radiation is used in many edifices chiefly because it has the possible to do the edifice more energy-efficient and less expensive to run. Buildings can be designed to capture the energy of natural visible radiation and utilize it to bring forth all of the visible radiation, and at least some of the heat and electricity.
Academic Impact
The usage of natural visible radiation besides has other benefits. Students in schools with natural illuming perform up to 20 per centum better on math trials and 26 per centum better on reading trials than those in schools that do n’t utilize natural lighting, harmonizing to a study by the research and confer withing steadfast Capital E, and sponsored by the American Federation of Teachers, the American Lung Association, and the U.S. Green Building Council.
Artificial lighting
The A A types A A of A A unreal A A illuming A A you A A usage A A in picture taking A give A you A complete A control A over A the way, quality, and strength of the visible radiation. You can travel these light beginnings around, spread them, or reflect them. You can change their strength to accommodate the state of affairs. There are two types of unreal light beginnings: limelights A and A flood lamps. A Spotlights A A provide A A a concentrated beam of visible radiation. Floods give diffused, softer, more even, spread out visible radiation.
Artificial visible radiation can be provided in one of two ways, either by a uninterrupted visible radiation beginning, such as an submerged cine visible radiation, or by a flash of visible radiation from a flash gun. Both beginnings have advantages and disadvantages.
Artificial visible radiation beginnings produce visible radiation of a different and specific colour, it ‘s of import that you match the white balance to the bing visible radiation.
Degree centigrades: UsersAroonDesktophgxcbv.jpg
Natural Ventilation
Natural airing is the knowing flow of out-of-door air through an enclosure under the
influence of air current and thermic force per unit areas through governable gaps. It can efficaciously command both temperature and contaminations, peculiarly in mild climes. Temperature control by natural airing is frequently the lone agencies of supplying chilling when mechanical air-conditioning is non available. The agreement, location, and control of airing gaps should unite the drive forces of air current and temperature to accomplish desired airing rate and good distribution of fresh air through the edifice.
Natural airing is driven
Waste direction
Water waste direction is the field of managing waste H2O, to do it suited to either be recycled into a H2O system or to be disposed of in an environmentally-conscious mode. Water waste direction is one of the larger jobs confronting most major metropoliss in the modern universe, with overflow doing terrible pollution jobs and increasing population densenesss stretching bing substructure to the breakage point. Both mechanical and biological procedures are utilized in H2O waste direction, to acquire rid of unwanted particulate affair and to extinguish any potentially harmful pathogens
Rain H2O reaping
Rainwater harvest home is a engineering used for roll uping and hive awaying rainwater from rooftops, the land surface or stone catchments utilizing simple techniques such as jars and pots every bit good as more complex techniques such as belowground cheque dikes. The techniques normally found in Asia and Africa arise from patterns employed by ancient civilisations within these parts and still function as a major beginning of imbibing H2O supply in rural countries. Normally used systems are constructed of three chief constituents ; viz. , the catchment country, the aggregation device, and the conveyance system.
Alternate energy coevals systems
Solar thermic energy is a engineering used for tackling solar power for practical applications, from solar warming to electrical power coevals. Solar power workss generate electricity by change overing solar energy to heat.
This is one of the most cost-efficient renewable energy systems and can significantly cut down your public-service corporation measure. In this article, we ‘ll detail how solar thermic energy plants and how we can utilize it to salvage money.
Solar thermic energy is the heat that can be gathered from solar power without the usage of photoelectric cells. It is a signifier of energy that can be transferred into H2O and stored in insulated containers and kept heated invariably by the Sun, while retaining energy overnight.
Kandy metropolis Centre
Kandy metropolis Centre commercial and shopping complex. Several taking Bankss, a to the full equipped supermarket, a assortment of eating houses, an amusement zone, and a good designed province of the art nutrient tribunal will besides have in the Complex. Peoples can easy make at that place necessitate in one topographic point. This edifice situated in 2 archer country and there are 9 floors each floor has 45000sqft.
I ) .This edifice has 9 floors so lift and lifts are really utile for visitants. There are 14 escalators and 4 lifts in this edifice. One lift for lading ( 1000kg ) other three lifts for riders ( 900kg ) .
EscalatorsLifts
Lifts and escalators are salvaging our clip and this is the easy manner to traveling to upper floor so we can salvage our energy waste.
Health and safety is really of import of these lifts and escalators, in lift if there is any electrical failure and if generator non get down automatically, there is a switch inside the lift ( bell switch ) we can pres that and automatically run that in roof top after that they can open the door utilizing hole situated in lift door.No need electrical supply to that switch.
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Bell Switch ( inside the lift )
Small Hole
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In escalators, every clip there is a individual near the every escalator to keep that, if anything happened in that he will care about that, and besides there is button call halt button if we press that escalator halt instantly. S6304631
Stop Button
In lifts they install a phone, if anything happened in inside the lift rider can see that because in that button excessively little so some people cant see that if there is a phone that is small bit large so everyone can see that and everyone know how to utilize a phone
In escalators that stop button is in near the pes way and excessively little, so many people cant see that because there is no any manner to understand that, if they can make a noticed to that its better to everyone
II ) .
Ventilation, emptying
A fire in a edifice must be detected rapidly and a warning given so that people can get away safely
we must hold an appropriate fire sensing and warning system
Whatever system we have, it must be able to warn all people in the edifice in all circumstances.S6304612
In KCC they have good fire sensing system
KCC vehicle parking has fire jimmiess
Degree 1 to level 7 they use smoke sensors
and heat sensors as fire safety system and
besides fire dismay system
They have put notice in fire issue topographic points, that people can see easy S6304618S6304623
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Fire issue manner
They have good fire dismay system inside the edifice S6304622 % 20- % 20Copy
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In that edifice has unfastened roof, in that roof if any fire accident go on all fume go out the building.130920101616
Suggestions
The flight path is non a short and besides little
I think, they need to do agreements for the emptying of aged or handicapped people
Need to Inform and develop all employees in how to get away the edifice, its helped to who riders besides.
Need install an exigency illuming system.
III ) .
Waste disposal and direction
Waste can be divided into many different types.
One of import categorization is by their consistence.
Solid wastes are godforsaken stuffs that contain less than 70 % H2O. This category includes such stuffs as family refuse, some industrial wastes, some excavation wastes, and oilfield wastes such as drill film editings.
Liquid wastes are normally wastewater ‘s that contain less than 1 % solids. Such wastes may incorporate high concentrations of dissolved salts and metals.
Sludge is a category of waste between liquid and solid. They normally contain between 3 % and 25 % solids, while the remainder of the stuff is H2O dissolved stuffs.
There are many different methods of disposing of waste.
Landfill is the most common and likely histories for more than 90 per centum of the state ‘s municipal garbage even though Landfills have been proven contaminates of imbibing H2O in certain countries.
It is the most cost affectional method of disposal, with aggregation and transit accounting for 75 per centum of the entire cost.
In a modern landfill, garbage is dispersed thin, compacted beds covered by a bed of clean Earth.
Pollution of surface H2O and groundwater is minimized by run alonging and contouring the fill, packing and seting the topmost screen bed, deviating drainage, and choosing proper dirt in sites non capable to deluging or high groundwater degrees.
Materials disposed of in a landfill can be farther secured from escape by solidifying them in stuffs such as cement, fly ash from power workss, asphalt.
In KCC all sewage and waste H2O reassigning to the tanks130920101583
They used 6 armored combat vehicles it is reassigning one by one
Clean H2O and dust separate by above method
clean H2O usage for the iciness H2O system ( 6000 litres )
Solid wastes are separated and municipal refuse trucks pick up those solid wastes
All storm H2O is channeled via an intricate system of drainage pipes and discarded to metropolis ‘s drainage system.
Drainage130920101585130920101586
2 ) .
Sound and acoustic
We can utilize sound and acoustics in commercial and industrial edifices
There have some international criterions
International criterions
Transformation reverberant sound through “ individual wall ” J. Res. Natl burean base RP 1998, VOL 42 JUNE 1949 P 605
Transformation reverberant sound through “ dual wall ” J.Res. Natl burean base, RP 2058, vol 44 January 1950, p 605
International standardisation organisation “ Acoustics, measuring of sound insularity in edifices and of edifice elements, research lab measurings of edifice component ISO 140-5 1978.
International standardisation organisation “ acoustics measurement sound insularity in edifice and of edifice elements measuring of sound insularity of little edifice component ISO 140-10, 1989.
American society for proving and stuffs, standard trial method for laboratory measuring of air bone sound transmittal loss of edifice dividers, ASTME 90, 1990.
International standardisation organisation “ Acoustics measuring of sound insularity in edifices and of edifice elements, field measurings of air bone sound insularity between suites. ISO 140-4 1978.
American society for proving and material categorization for determine of outdoor- indoor transmittal category ASTME 1332,1994
All Warnock “ low floor impact noise and pes simulators continuing inter noise 83, 1983, p1127
International standardisation organisation “ Acoustics, determine of dynamic stiffness, stuff used under drifting floor in homes ISO 9052-1 1989
